{"id":354,"date":"2014-06-21T01:05:48","date_gmt":"2014-06-21T01:05:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/?p=354"},"modified":"2014-08-31T16:23:36","modified_gmt":"2014-08-31T20:23:36","slug":"the-rapid-rise-of-sulfonamide-diversity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/2014\/06\/21\/354\/the-rapid-rise-of-sulfonamide-diversity\/","title":{"rendered":"The Rapid Rise of Sulfonamide Diversity"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/Prontosil.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-390\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/Prontosil.jpg?resize=300%2C136&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Prontosil\" width=\"300\" height=\"136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/Prontosil.jpg?resize=300%2C136&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/Prontosil.jpg?resize=1024%2C467&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/Prontosil.jpg?w=1496&amp;ssl=1 1496w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Shortly after Domagk and H\u00f6rlein announced their discovery of the antibacterial properties of the dye sulfamidochrysoidine (Prontosil) in 1935, numerous\u00a0chemical companies\u00a0set out to\u00a0modify the chemical structure. \u00a0They soon recognized the sulfa component as the true antibacterial and produced an incredible number of derivatives (more than 5000 different compounds!!) by 1945.[1, 2] \u00a0This effort was undoubtedly\u00a0helped by the fact that Bayer had not\u00a0patented the antibacterial sulfa pharmacophore but the dye part of the molecule instead. \u00a0Big mistake!<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>In those early days drugs were tested without much\u00a0regulatory\u00a0oversight. Soon, impressive efficacy data were collected demonstrating clinical benefits\u00a0in various tissue infectious caused by staphylococci and streptococci. While many trials were small and uncontrolled,\u00a0some older studies provided\u00a0important insights. For instance, the skin infection studies conducted by\u00a0Snodgrass [3] are still often cited; indeed, they served as\u00a0scientific basis for the\u00a0most recent FDA guidelines for\u00a0ABSSSI trials, providing efficacy comparisons to placebo and helping define non-inferiority margins.[4]<\/p>\n<p>There were some early warnings about drug safety and tolerability. \u00a0Besides rashes and other allergic reaction, the practice of instillation, irrigation and insufflation of some very alkaline sulfa compounds into the nose, nasal sinuses and bronchial tree resulted in sloughing of epithelial layers and tissue necrosis.[2] \u00a0These AEs did not cause undue concerns as the treatment benefits were\u00a0just so compelling.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>1. \u00a0Greenwood. \u00a0Antimicrobial Drugs. \u00a0Chronicle of a Twentieth Century Medical Triumph. \u00a0Oxford University Press 2008<br \/>\n2. \u00a0Northey. The Sulphonamides and Allied Compounds. \u00a0<span dir=\"ltr\" style=\"color: #777777;\">Reinhold Pub. Corp.<\/span><span style=\"color: #777777;\">,<\/span>1948<br \/>\n3. \u00a0Snodgrass.\u00a0\u00a0BMJ, 2:101; 1937 \u00a0and\u00a0BMJ, 2:1159; 1937<br \/>\n4. FDA: \u00a0Guidance for Industry. \u00a0Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Developing Drugs for Treatment. \u00a02013; http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Drugs\/&#8230;\/Guidances\/ucm071185.pdf<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shortly after Domagk and H\u00f6rlein announced their discovery of the antibacterial properties of the dye sulfamidochrysoidine (Prontosil) in 1935, numerous\u00a0chemical companies\u00a0set out to\u00a0modify the chemical structure. \u00a0They soon recognized the sulfa component as the true antibacterial and produced an incredible number of derivatives (more than 5000 different compounds!!) by 1945.[1, <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/2014\/06\/21\/354\/the-rapid-rise-of-sulfonamide-diversity\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">  The Rapid Rise of Sulfonamide Diversity<\/span><span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[140],"tags":[81,152,5,99,153,158,155,9,154,156,141,157],"class_list":["post-354","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-interesting_facts","tag-absssi","tag-domagk","tag-fda","tag-fda-guidance","tag-non-inferiority","tag-non-inferiority-margins","tag-prontosil-patent","tag-safety","tag-snodgrass","tag-sulfachrysoidine","tag-sulfonamide","tag-uncontrolled-trials"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - 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In regards to antibiotics, sulfonamides\u00a0are in common use as antifungals (P. jiroveci), antiparasitics (toxoplasmosis, cyclospora, isospora, malaria) antibacterials (including against nocardia and certain ones causing STDs)\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Did you know...?&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Did you know...?","link":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/category\/interesting_facts\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"deutsche-med-wschr-1935","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Deutsche-Med-Wschr-1935.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Deutsche-Med-Wschr-1935.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Deutsche-Med-Wschr-1935.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":372,"url":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/2014\/06\/21\/372\/strep-infections-in-high-places\/","url_meta":{"origin":354,"position":1},"title":"Strep Infections in High Places","author":"Harald","date":"June 21, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"George Washington, age 67, \u00a0had a bad peritonsillar or epiglottal abscess; indeed, he died from it as his personal physicians resorted to extensive blood letting and did not dare lance the abscess. \u00a0He would\u00a0have recovered with\u00a0penicillin, I guess, but\u00a0in his days the best treatment option for quinsy was surgical drainage.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Did you know...?&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Did you know...?","link":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/category\/interesting_facts\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"HR-winston-churchill","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/HR-winston-churchill-268x300.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":344,"url":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/2014\/06\/19\/344\/the-amazing-sulfonamides\/","url_meta":{"origin":354,"position":2},"title":"The Amazing Sulfonamides","author":"Harald","date":"June 19, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Sulfonamides really cover more infectious territory than most other antibiotics. Besides the more common bacterial species, they are\u00a0active\u00a0against many 'special' pathogens, like S. maltophilia,\u00a0P. jiroveci, Listeria, Nocardia,, C. burneti (Q-fever), and T. whipplei (Whipple's disease). Not to forget their\u00a0use in malaria, toxoplasmosis, \u00a0melioidosis, cyclospora, and atypical mycobacterial infections. 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