{"id":586,"date":"2014-07-13T16:38:50","date_gmt":"2014-07-13T20:38:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/?p=586"},"modified":"2014-08-31T16:13:36","modified_gmt":"2014-08-31T20:13:36","slug":"penicillin-historical-tidbits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/2014\/07\/13\/586\/penicillin-historical-tidbits\/","title":{"rendered":"Penicillin &#8211; Historical Tidbits"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Publication of transatlantic efforts on penicillin purification and production was embargoed by the British and US governments during WWII?\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_594\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-594\" style=\"width: 259px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Penicillin-mold.jpe\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-594 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Penicillin-mold.jpe\" alt=\"Penicillin mold\" width=\"259\" height=\"194\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-594\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Penicillin mold<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li>\n<li>US companies were allowed to collaborate and share scientific information specifically to improve methods of penicillin production and were exempted from anti-trust laws which would have forbidden such anti-competitive behavior?<\/li>\n<li>the\u03b2-lactam structure was ultimately established\u00a0 by X-ray crystallography proving the unusual configuration ofthe4-membered ring?\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_596\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-596\" style=\"width: 320px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Penicillin-G.jpe\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-596 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Penicillin-G.jpe\" alt=\"Penicillin G\" width=\"320\" height=\"157\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Penicillin-G.jpe 320w, https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Penicillin-G-300x147.jpe 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-596\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Penicillin G<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li>\n<li>Ms. Anne Sheafe Miller, treated at Yale New Haven Hospital for puerperal sepsis at age 31, was the 1<sup>st<\/sup> recipient of penicillin in the USA?\u00a0 She recovered and lived to the age of 90.<\/li>\n<li>Florey noted that mycophenolic acid, an &#8220;antibiotic from Penicillium brevicompactum&#8221;, had antibacterial properties but also a very pronounced inoculum effect against Staphylococci?<br \/>\nAccording to him, it has also useful activity against human and plant fungal pathogens but is notfungicidal.(It has since become an\u00a0integral part of the immunosuppressive regimen for\u00a0transplant patients)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Publication of transatlantic efforts on penicillin purification and production was embargoed by the British and US governments during WWII? US companies were allowed to collaborate and share scientific information specifically to improve methods of penicillin production and were exempted from anti-trust laws which would have forbidden such anti-competitive behavior? the\u03b2-lactam <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/2014\/07\/13\/586\/penicillin-historical-tidbits\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">  Penicillin &#8211; Historical Tidbits<\/span><span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[140],"tags":[313,310,403,309,307,308,314,311,312],"class_list":["post-586","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-interesting_facts","tag-anne-sheafe-miller","tag-antibacterial","tag-antibiotic-blog","tag-antifungal","tag-florey","tag-mycophenolic-acid","tag-penicillin-production","tag-x-ray-crystallography","tag-yale-new-haven-hospital"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4KWFr-9s","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":372,"url":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/2014\/06\/21\/372\/strep-infections-in-high-places\/","url_meta":{"origin":586,"position":0},"title":"Strep Infections in High Places","author":"Harald","date":"June 21, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"George Washington, age 67, \u00a0had a bad peritonsillar or epiglottal abscess; indeed, he died from it as his personal physicians resorted to extensive blood letting and did not dare lance the abscess. \u00a0He would\u00a0have recovered with\u00a0penicillin, I guess, but\u00a0in his days the best treatment option for quinsy was surgical drainage.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Did you know...?&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Did you know...?","link":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/category\/interesting_facts\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"HR-winston-churchill","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/HR-winston-churchill-268x300.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":521,"url":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/2014\/07\/06\/521\/aeromonas-salmonicida-trouble-for-aquaculture-with-drug-resistance\/","url_meta":{"origin":586,"position":1},"title":"Aeromonas salmonicida: Trouble for Aquaculture with Drug Resistance","author":"Harald","date":"July 6, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Aeromonas salmonicida causes furunculosis in salmon hatcheries and in freshwater fish.\u00a0 The organism has several recognized virulence mechanisms including the T3SS\u00a0[1].\u00a0 A. salmonicida\u00a0has become resistant to penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin.\u00a0 It remains susceptible to chloramphenicol and aminoglycoside according to a publication from Romania [2] but another reference describes it as\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Did you know...?&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Did you know...?","link":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/category\/interesting_facts\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Salmon","src":"http:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Salmon.jpe","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1178,"url":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/2014\/12\/19\/1178\/nominating-thiamphenicol-for-idsas-10-x-20-campaign\/","url_meta":{"origin":586,"position":2},"title":"Nominating Thiamphenicol for IDSA\u2019s 10 x \u201920 Campaign","author":"Harald","date":"December 19, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"If you were developing a new antibiotic with a novel MoA, one that covers most GPC, most GNR, most anaerobes and atypicals, including many MDR pathogens like MRSA, enterococci (both E. faecalis and E. faecium), and one that has also activity against\u00a0rickettsiae and bioterrorism agents, you would consider it a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;QIDP Antibiotics&quot;","block_context":{"text":"QIDP Antibiotics","link":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/category\/qidp_antibiotic\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Aplastic Anemia","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Aplastic-Anemia.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1254,"url":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/2015\/02\/02\/1254\/a-go-no-go-decision-delafloxacin-stumbles-in-gonorrhea-study\/","url_meta":{"origin":586,"position":3},"title":"A GO \/ NO GO decision:\u00a0 Delafloxacin Stumbles in Gonorrhea Study","author":"Harald","date":"February 2, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"The treatment history of N. gonorrhoeae makes for fascinating reading.\u00a0 This organism has always been able to keep the upper hand in the war of bug versus drug.\u00a0 Once susceptible to sulfa drugs, to penicillin, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, it sequentially become resistant in the matter of a decade to every\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Did you know...?&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Did you know...?","link":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/category\/interesting_facts\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"mic-2","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/mic-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":3221,"url":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/2017\/03\/14\/3221\/efficacy-treatment-duration-tipping-point\/","url_meta":{"origin":586,"position":4},"title":"Efficacy and Treatment Duration: Where is the Tipping Point?","author":"Harald","date":"March 14, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"Development pf antibacterials differs in several important ways from drug development in other areas, and the lack of standard dose-finding is just one of them. Dose-finding in its most basic form involves ascending amounts of drug for efficacy and safety; for antibiotics, however, an effective dose can be predicted nowadays\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Recent Literature&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Recent Literature","link":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/category\/recent_literature\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/Tipping-Point-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/Tipping-Point-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/Tipping-Point-2.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1840,"url":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/2015\/08\/06\/1840\/the-etiology-of-cap-remains-elusive-a-call-to-change-antibiotic-prescribing-patterns\/","url_meta":{"origin":586,"position":5},"title":"The Etiology of CAP Remains Elusive \u2013 A Call to Change Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns","author":"Harald","date":"August 6, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"Once upon\u00a0a time - not so long ago -\u00a0we were taught the following: Streptococcus pneumoniae was the cause of 90% of CAP cases. That statement was later modified to mean S. pneumoniae was the underlying pathogen in 90% of bacterial\u00a0cases of CAP, i.e., those with positive cultures from sputum or\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Recent Literature&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Recent Literature","link":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/category\/recent_literature\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"CAP slider 2","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/CAP-slider-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/CAP-slider-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/CAP-slider-2.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/586","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=586"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/586\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":807,"href":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/586\/revisions\/807"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=586"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=586"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/allphasepharma.com\/dir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=586"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}